The liquid phase has a higher internal energy than the solid phase. This means energy must be supplied to a solid in order to melt it and energy is released from a liquid when it freezes, because the molecules in the liquid experience weaker intermolecular forces and so have a higher potential energy a kind of bond-dissociation energy for intermolecular forces.
The enthalpy of fusion is a function of the pressure at which that transformation takes place. By convention, the pressure is assumed to be 1 atm Search Search.
What is Antimony Antimony is a chemical element with atomic number 51 which means there are 51 protons and 51 electrons in the atomic structure.
There are two reasons for the difference between mass number and isotopic mass, known as the mass defect : The neutron is slightly heavier than the proton. This increases the mass of nuclei with more neutrons than protons relative to the atomic mass unit scale based on 12 C with equal numbers of protons and neutrons.
The nuclear binding energy varies between nuclei. For 63 Cu the atomic mass is less than 63 so this must be the dominant factor. Typical densities of various substances at atmospheric pressure. Electronegativity of Antimony is 2. Affinities of Non metals vs. Affinities of Metals Metals: Metals like to lose valence electrons to form cations to have a fully stable shell.
The electron affinity of metals is lower than that of nonmetals. Mercury most weakly attracts an extra electron. Nonmetals: Generally, nonmetals have more positive electron affinity than metals. Nonmetals like to gain electrons to form anions to have a fully stable electron shell. Chlorine most strongly attracts extra electrons.
The electron affinities of the noble gases have not been conclusively measured, so they may or may not have slightly negative values.
Moreover: Ionization energy is lowest for the alkali metals which have a single electron outside a closed shell. Ionization energy increases across a row on the periodic maximum for the noble gases which have closed shells.
Boiling Point — Saturation In thermodynamics, the term saturation defines a condition in which a mixture of vapor and liquid can exist together at a given temperature and pressure. Melting Point — Saturation In thermodynamics, the melting point defines a condition in which the solid and liquid can exist in equilibrium. Latent Heat of Fusion of Antimony is Latent Heat of Vaporization of Antimony is Specific Heat Specific heat , or specific heat capacity, is a property related to internal energy that is very important in thermodynamics.
The intensive properties c v and c p are defined for pure, simple compressible substances as partial derivatives of the internal energy u T, v and enthalpy h T, p , respectively: where the subscripts v and p denote the variables held fixed during differentiation.
Latent Heat of Vaporization In general, when a material changes phase from solid to liquid, or from liquid to gas a certain amount of energy is involved in this change of phase. The temperature at which the phase transition occurs is the melting point.
Boron 5 B. Carbon 6 C. Neon 10 Ne. Sulfur 16 S. Argon 18 Ar. Iron 26 Fe. Cobalt 27 Co. Nickel 28 Ni. Copper 29 Cu. Zinc 30 Zn. Antimony and Antimony Compounds. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley, Book Google Scholar. Voyles, P. Nature , — Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.
Correspondence to Claire Hansell. Reprints and Permissions. Hansell, C. All manner of antimony. Nature Chem 7, 88 Download citation. Published : 17 December Issue Date : January Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative.
Hyperfine Interactions Advanced search. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. In the early sixteenth century the Swiss alchemical physician Paracelsus called a distilled extract of wine alcool vini , from where we get the modern word alcohol: a long and strange road from eye make-up to intoxicating liquor.
Paracelsus was particularly fond of antimony compounds as medicines. After his death, Paracelsus's chemical medicine was championed by many doctors in Europe, especially in France, and some of these made antimony their most prized remedy.
One, a German salt-maker who wrote under the false persona of a fifteenth-century monk called Basil Valentine, published an entire book advertising antimony remedies in called The Triumphal Chariot of Antimony.
Valentine admitted that antimony was poisonous - in fact he offered an apocryphal explanation for the name, saying that it derives from anti-monachos , meaning 'anti-monk' in Latin, because he once unintentionally poisoned several of his fellow monks by adding it secretly to their food in an attempt to improve their health. But he claimed that alchemy could be used to free the metal of its toxic effects and make it "a most salutary Medicine".
The Paracelsian chemical physicians were opposed by traditionalists who preferred the medical theories of the ancient doctors like Hippocrates, based on the idea that our health is controlled by a balance of four humours. This was partly a battle for academic power, but the rival camps were also split along religious and political lines.
So there was a lot riding on the struggle, and for a time it crystallized around the medical value of antimony. The toxicity of antimony can cause vomiting - but to its supporters, this was seen as a good thing. They would administer the salt antimony tartrate as a so-called emetic, a vomit-inducer that was believed to purge the body of other bad substances. Some doctors continued to prescribe antimony freely after the inconclusive Antimony War, and it has been suggested that a fondness for antimony remedies was what actually killed Mozart in By the nineteenth century it had become a favourite slow poison for murderers eager to conceal their crimes - a chemical villain almost as notorious as lead.
But would Mozart have been the maestro that he was without the help of antimony? Well I guess we will never know. Thank you very much to science writer and author Phil Ball. Next week we'll be telling the tale of the element that at one time quite literally kept the world going, but not quite in the way you might think. The summer of saw England gripped by drought, but as Henry Wicker walked across Epsom Common he came across a pool of water from which thirsty cattle refused to drink.
He found that the water tasted bitter and on evaporation it yielded a salt which had remarkable effects: it acted as a laxative. This became the famous Epsom's salt magnesium sulfate, MgSO 4 and became a treatment for constipation for the next years.
Thankfully John Emsley will be running smoothly through the element with atomic number 12 and that's magnesium in next week's Chemistry in its element, I hope you can join us. I'm Chris Smith, thank you for listening, see you next time. Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced by thenakedscientists. There's more information and other episodes of Chemistry in its element on our website at chemistryworld.
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Data W. Haynes, ed. Version 1. Coursey, D. Schwab, J. Tsai, and R. Dragoset, Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions version 4. Periodic Table of Videos , accessed December Podcasts Produced by The Naked Scientists. Download our free Periodic Table app for mobile phones and tablets. Explore all elements. D Dysprosium Dubnium Darmstadtium. E Europium Erbium Einsteinium.
F Fluorine Francium Fermium Flerovium. G Gallium Germanium Gadolinium Gold. I Iron Indium Iodine Iridium. K Krypton. O Oxygen Osmium Oganesson. U Uranium. V Vanadium. X Xenon. Y Yttrium Ytterbium. Z Zinc Zirconium. Membership Become a member Connect with others Supporting individuals Supporting organisations Manage my membership. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Youtube. Discovery date. Discovered by. Origin of the name. The name derives from the Greek 'anti - monos', meaning not alone.
Melting point. Boiling point. Atomic number. Relative atomic mass. Key isotopes. Electron configuration. CAS number. ChemSpider ID. ChemSpider is a free chemical structure database. Electronegativity Pauling scale. Common oxidation states. Atomic mass. Half life. Mode of decay.
Relative supply risk. Crustal abundance ppm. Top 3 producers. Top 3 reserve holders.
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